Journal: Journal of Microbiology, Immunology, and Infection

Article Title: Treatment options for COVID-19: The reality and challenges

doi: 10.1016/j.jmii.2020.03.034

Figure Lengend Snippet: Mechanisms of action and targets of potential treatment agents for SARS-CoV-2 infections.

Article Snippet: The other RdRp inhibitor favipiravir (Fujifilm Toyama Chemical Co. Ltd, Tokyo, Japan) is known to be active in vitro against oseltamivir-resistant influenza A, B, and C viruses.

Techniques: Inhibition, Activity Assay

Journal: Heliyon

Article Title: Convenient screening of the reproductive toxicity of favipiravir and antiviral drugs in Caenorhabditis elegans

doi: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2024.e35331

Figure Lengend Snippet: Correlation between the incidence of arrested embryos and the ratio of arrested embryos treated with antivirals at the bean and comma stages. Although the ratio of arrested embryos of the bean and comma stages clustered around 70–90 %, favipiravir and ribavirin belong to the lower arrested embryo incidence group, while ganciclovir and NHC belong to the higher arrested embryo incidence group. There was no statistically significant correlation between the incidence of arrested embryos and the ratio of arrested embryos (Pearson's product-moment correlation = 0.085, P = 0.784). Drug concentrations (μg/mL) are shown in parentheses next to the drug name. NHC is the active compound of molnupiravir. ●: RdRp inhibitors, Favipiravir, Ribavirin, and NHC. ▲: DNA polymerase inhibitors, Acyclovir and Ganciclovir.

Article Snippet: The antiviral drugs used were favipiravir, an RdRp inhibitor (Toyama Chemical Co. Ltd., Toyama, Japan); ribavirin, an RdRp inhibitor (Wako Pure Chemical Industries, Osaka, Japan); NHC, an RdRp inhibitor (Sigma-Aldrich, Darmstadt, Germany); acyclovir, a herpesvirus DNA synthesis inhibitor (Wako Pure Chemical Industries, Osaka, Japan); ganciclovir, a cytomegalovirus DNA synthesis inhibitor (Tanabe Seiyaku Co., Ltd. Osaka, Japan); zidovudine, a reverse transcriptase inhibitor; thalidomide, an antineoplastics immunomodulatory agent (Tokyo Chemical Industry Co., Ltd., Tokyo, Japan); amenamevir, a helicase-primase inhibitor of herpes simplex virus (HSV) and varicella-zoster virus (VZV) (Astellas Pharma, Inc. Tokyo, Japan); and letermovir, a cytomegalovirus DNA terminase complex inhibitor (Selleck Co. Osaka, Japan).

Techniques:

Journal: PLoS Pathogens

Article Title: NS5A inhibitors unmask differences in functional replicase complex half-life between different hepatitis C virus strains

doi: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1006343

Figure Lengend Snippet: (A) Inhibition of the gt1a LPO S virus H77S.3/GLuc2A by elbasvir. (B) Inhibition of the gt2a LPO R virus JFH-1/QL/GLuc2A by elbasvir. (C) Maximum % inhibition (E max ) of GLuc activity at different time points after addition of elbasvir to Huh7.5 cells infected with different cell culture infectious HCV genomes. LPO S viruses H77S.3/GLuc2A (gt1a) and N.2/GLuc2A (gt1b) are plotted in red. LPO R viruses H77D/GLuc2A (gt1a), JFH-1/QL/GLuc2A (gt2a) or HJ3-5/GLuc2A (gt1a/2a chimera). (D) Inhibition of the gt1a LPO R virus H77D-GLuc2A by elbasvir. (E) Fitness of different virus genomes used in (C) at 72 h post electroporation. Data shown represents GLuc activity relative to GLuc activity at 6 hours post electroporation to normalize for transfection efficiency. The replication incompetent reporter viruses H77S/AAG/GLuc2A and JFH-1/GND/GLuc2A contain point mutations in the NS5B polymerase and are included as mock-transfection controls.

Article Snippet: The nucleoside analog NS5B RdRP inhibitor sofosbuvir was purchased from Chemscene (Monmouth Junction, NJ).

Techniques: Inhibition, Virus, Activity Assay, Infection, Cell Culture, Electroporation, Transfection

Journal: PLoS Pathogens

Article Title: NS5A inhibitors unmask differences in functional replicase complex half-life between different hepatitis C virus strains

doi: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1006343

Figure Lengend Snippet: (A) Diagram of the H77S.3 genome showing positions of the 12 amino acids that differ between H77S.3 and H77D. The two amino acid changes in the NS5A coding region (I2204S and D2416G) are highlighted. (B) Maximum % inhibition (E max ) at different time points after addition of elbasvir to Huh7.5 cells infected with either H77S.3/GLuc2A, H77D/GLuc2A or H77S.3/GLuc2A carrying either the I2204S mutation alone (H77S.3/IS) or in combination with D2416G (H77S.3/IS/DG). (C) Fitness of different virus genomes used in (B) at 72 h post electroporation. Data shown represents GLuc activity relative to GLuc activity at 6 h post electroporation to normalize for transfection efficiency. The replication incompetent reporter virus H77S/AAG/GLuc2A contains point mutations in the NS5B polymerase and serves as a mock-transfection control.

Article Snippet: The nucleoside analog NS5B RdRP inhibitor sofosbuvir was purchased from Chemscene (Monmouth Junction, NJ).

Techniques: Inhibition, Infection, Mutagenesis, Virus, Electroporation, Activity Assay, Transfection, Control

Journal: PLoS Pathogens

Article Title: NS5A inhibitors unmask differences in functional replicase complex half-life between different hepatitis C virus strains

doi: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1006343

Figure Lengend Snippet: Maximum % inhibition (E max ) at different time points after addition of (A) sofosbuvir, (B) Compound 23: a small molecule inhibitor of PI4KIIIα, (C) SCY-635: a cyclophilin inhibitor, or (D) boceprevir, to Huh7.5 cells infected with H77S.3/GLuc2A or H77D/GLuc2A.

Article Snippet: The nucleoside analog NS5B RdRP inhibitor sofosbuvir was purchased from Chemscene (Monmouth Junction, NJ).

Techniques: Inhibition, Infection

Journal: PLoS Pathogens

Article Title: NS5A inhibitors unmask differences in functional replicase complex half-life between different hepatitis C virus strains

doi: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1006343

Figure Lengend Snippet: Descriptions of parameters and their values in the mathematical model.

Article Snippet: The nucleoside analog NS5B RdRP inhibitor sofosbuvir was purchased from Chemscene (Monmouth Junction, NJ).

Techniques: Translocation Assay, Concentration Assay